Andrographolide is one of the
main active ingredients of Andrographis paniculate, which is one of the Chinese
herbal medicines. This ingredient is used in domestic medical treatment for
respiratory diseases as well as for inflammation. The main purpose of the study
is to probe the effects of andrographolide, by using it as an antioxidant on
the oxidative stress level, neutrophil growth and penetration in joints and
synovial tissue of arthritis rats stimulated by complete Freund's adjuvant.
The model of rheumatoid arthritis
of a rat was induced in the footpad through the subcutaneous injection of
complete Freund's adjuvant. After 14
days of induction of the model was established. The treatment was started with
different doses, such as 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, of andrographolide and 3 mg/kg of
positive control methotrexate from 14th day to 35th day of the clinical
treatment. The paw swelling, the hot plate test, arthritis score, histology,
and biochemical analysis, were measured to find the effects of andrographolide
on oxidative stress, infiltration, and neutrophil accumulation.
From the outcomes of the hot
plate test, it was concluded that a high dosage of andrographolide improved the
anti-injury capability of rats considerably. The results of the histological
and Radiological tests showed that the inflammatory cell infiltration, joint
osteoporosis, synovial hyperplasia, as well as other phenomena in the
andrographolide group were improved considerably.
Andrographolide slows down the myeloperoxidase
as well as the neutrophil elastase activity in arthritis rats stimulated by
complete Freund's adjuvant. Thus, it
was finally concluded that:
1. Andrographolide decreases
neutrophil aggregation in joint tenderness by influencing neutrophil
chemotactic factors.
2. Andrographolide lessens the
levels of arthritis oxidative stress and it restrains inflammation.
This means that Andrographolide
functions as a defensive agent for the treatment of complete Freund's adjuvant-induced rheumatoid
arthritis by slowing down lipid peroxidation and nitrate or nitrite levels in a
dose-reliant manner, reducing the levels of chemokines as well as inflammatory
factors, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, and preventing neutrophil buildup
and penetration.
Adipose tissue RNA isolation is considered an optimized procedure for reaping
high RNA. This is for the reason that the Adipose tissue makeup strongly
differs between body areas. Reasonable quantities of unbroken RNA are necessary
to examine the local distinctions on a molecular level. Therefore, an optimized
isolation method was followed to separate Ribonucleic acid from the samples of adipose
tissue.
Excised subcutaneous adipose
tissue of an individual was acquired from elective operations, and the RNAlater
or RNA Stabilization Reagent was analyzed for its effect on RNA reliability.
Additionally, three diverse tissue RNA
isolation kits were assessed for effectiveness in isolating Ribonucleic
acid from tissue samples. The samples showed a considerable loss in recoverable
RNA and RNA degradation signs after 30 to 60 minutes of excising the tissue.
The application of RNA Stabilization Reagent
delayed this degradation considerably. By making use of the RNeasy Lipid Tissue
Kit caused a drastically higher RNA yield when compared to using the RNeasy
Mini Kit. Thus, it is concluded that combining RNeasy Lipid Tissue Kit and the
RNAlater will cause a higher RNA yield even from comparatively small tissue
samples with assured RNA integrity.
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